How to Cross a River

Part VII of the Complete Navigation Field Guide

Most popular trails we hike today have nice bridges when crossing a river is necessary. But this knowledge and skill set should not be forgotten. Whether you are in the backcountry or in other hypothetical scenarios in the field, you should understand how to cross a stream or river safely, without a bridge.

River and Stream Crossing Techniques

Crossing rivers and streams can pose significant hazards if not approached correctly. Employing safe crossing techniques is essential for maintaining safety and ensuring a successful journey.

Assessing the Crossing

• Evaluate the Water Conditions:

  • Speed and Depth: Check the speed and depth of the water. Fast-moving water can be deceptively powerful, even if it appears shallow. Use a stick to gauge the depth and test the current.

    • If the water is moving faster than walking speed, it is not safe to cross.

  • Water Clarity: Clear water allows you to see the riverbed, helping you avoid obstacles and choose a safe path. Murky water can hide hazards, making crossing more dangerous.

• Identify Hazards:

  • Debris: Look for floating debris, which can indicate stronger currents and potential hazards underwater.

  • Obstructions: Be aware of submerged rocks, branches, and sudden drop-offs that can trip or injure you.

  • Temperature: Cold water can lead to hypothermia. Ensure you have the proper gear and consider the risks of prolonged exposure.

• Select the Best Crossing Point:

  • Widest Point: Generally, the river is shallower and slower at its widest point. Avoid narrow, deep, and fast sections.

  • Calm Areas: Look for calm, slow-moving water with a gradual entry and exit. Avoid steep banks. Avoid areas immediately among or downstream of rapids or waterfalls.

  • Natural Bridges: Use natural features like fallen logs or rocks to aid in crossing. Ensure they are stable before relying on them.

Crossing Techniques

1. Solo Crossing:

   • Angle Across: Face upstream and cross at a slight angle, moving diagonally rather than directly across. This reduces the impact of the current and provides better stability.

   • Use a Pole: Use a sturdy pole or stick for balance. Place the pole upstream and lean on it as you move, testing the footing before each step.

   • Shuffle Steps: Use small, shuffling steps to maintain stability. Keep your body low and avoid lifting your feet high off the riverbed.

2. Group Crossing:

   • Linked Arms: Cross as a group, linking arms to provide mutual support. Form a line with the strongest person upstream to break the current.

   • Circular Formation: Form a circle facing inward, with each person holding onto the next. This formation allows you to move together and provides stability.

   • Rope Assistance: Use a rope if available. One person can secure the rope on the opposite bank while others hold onto it for stability as they cross.

Safety Precautions

1. Remove Heavy Gear:

   • Unbuckle Backpacks: Unbuckle your backpack straps and remove heavy gear to reduce the risk of getting trapped underwater. This also makes it easier to shed the pack if you fall.

   • Dry Bags: Use dry bags to protect essential items and keep them buoyant.

2. Wear Appropriate Footwear:

   • Sturdy Shoes: Wear sturdy, secure footwear that provides good traction and protects your feet from sharp objects.

   • Avoid Barefoot: Never cross barefoot, as unseen hazards can cause injury.

3. Prepare for Emergencies:

   • Know Your Limits: If the water looks too dangerous to cross, find an alternative route or wait until conditions improve.

   • Buddy System: Always use the buddy system. Have someone ready to assist if things go wrong.

   • Stay Calm: If you fall into the water, stay calm and try to float downstream with your feet up to avoid obstacles until you can regain your footing or swim to safety.

Post-Crossing Checks

1. Dry Off and Warm Up:

   • Change Clothes: Change into dry clothes as soon as possible to prevent hypothermia.

   • Warm Up: Warm up by moving around and drinking warm fluids if necessary.

2. Gear Check:

   • Inspect Gear: Check all your gear for water damage. Ensure important items are dry and functional.

   • Repack: Securely repack your gear before continuing your journey.

By understanding and applying these river and stream crossing techniques, you can safely navigate water obstacles, minimizing risks and enhancing the overall safety and success of your wilderness adventures. Proper assessment, preparation, and execution are key to effective crossings in any wilderness navigation scenario.

Stay tuned for more from our series on navigation.